Utilitarianism The Pursuit Of Happiness Philosophy Essay

Utilitarianism The Pursuit Of Happiness Philosophy Essay The phrase life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, enshrined in the founding documents of the United States, was derived from John Locke. Lockes formulation, however, was life, liberty, and property. In choosing the broader formulation pursuit of happiness, the framers were certainly not drawing from John Stuart Mill, since they wrote many decades before he did. They were writing and thinking in the same philosophical tradition, which goes ultimately back to Aristotle. Mill, however, has given us in Utilitarianism the most concise, analytical interpretation of this concept. What is meant by happiness, and what justifies regarding it as the goal either of a political system or of a system of ethical philosophy? In everyday usage, we use it most often in the sense of being pleased (Im happy you could come), or of general well-being (Happy Birthday!). It has pleasant connotations, but not, in everyday usage, particularly lofty ones. One might expect moral philosophy, or even political philosophy and statecraft, to seek some more profound goal. Mill, however, constructs his approach to moral philosophy from the bottom up. He starts from the premise that we naturally seek out pleasant experiences, and try to avoid pain or unpleasant experiences. At first glance this might appear to be an invitation to mere hedonism, eat, drink, and be merry. However, human experience shows that pleasant experiences are not limited to the material. We enjoy music, for example, and friendship, and seek these things out. Indeed, we often find satisfaction in experiences that mi ght well be arduous and even unpleasant, such as running a marathon. Even the effort of living up to a system of values carries its satisfactions (7-8). The sum total of these satisfactions and pleasures, or dissatisfactions and miseries, though the course of a lifetime constitutes our overall happiness or unhappiness (3-4). Happiness is therefore the good life not in the narrow sense of a house in the suburbs, convenient to a golf course (though not excluding these things), but in the broadest sense of a satisfying and joyous human existence. This, suggests Mill, is our goal in life, not imposed on us by some moral authority or power, but as a consequence of our human nature. Moreover, the pursuit of happiness extends even as a purely practical matter beyond our own condition of life to the condition of the society in which we live. Even if our motives are entirely selfish, for example, we have a vested interest in a society in which, for example, theft and robbery are not the general because we do not wish to be robbed or stolen from. (Even a professional thief benefits from not being a victim of theft as well.) The same practical principle can be extended to vices and virtues in general: We are all better off for living in a society where virtues are general practiced (31-32). However, what produces the general condition of a society but the behavior of the people who make it up. A burglar may benefit from living in a society where people do not lock their doors, but his behavior makes society less likely to display such mutual trust. If we wish to live in a virtuous society, therefore, it is in our interest to practice the virtues ourselves. What goes around, after all, comes around. Indeed, Mill speaks of a contagion of sympathy, a sort of virtuous cycle (the opposite of a vicious cycle) in which the practice of virtue encourages virtue in others, and improves the condition of life for all. This implicitly is what the founding fathers had in mind. A free society does not seek to impose virtue by fiat, but depends on the general practice of virtue to sustain itself. By aiding in the pursuit of happiness by others, we improve our own chances of pursuing it. A contemporary issue on which Mills propositions might shed light is the controversy over gay marriage. Many people, perhaps most people, have found the idea strange or shocking when first presented. Some fear that it would destroy marriage. However, it is hard to see how permitting gays to marry detracts from marriages between men and women. Their marriages are unchanged. What permitting gay marriage does is permit a new satisfaction a further pursuit of happiness for gay couples. Moreover, by recognizing such couples, it encourages gay individuals to seek stable relationships, improving the condition of society as well as their own lives. Thus, the pursuit of happiness, combined with Mills analysis of how ethical principles can be built up from our knowledge of human existence, casts a powerful light on how we can interpret social issues and their possible resolution. Source Cited Mill, John Stuart. Utilitarianism. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1979. (Original publication 1861.)

Giant Pool of Money

In the story presented on the thematically. Org describes the process and the behavior patterns of parties involved. Mike Francis, Moody, and Standard and Poor represent the lending or investors side. When Mike Francis devised the mortgage backed securities which gave birth to Cods Investors jumped onto these securities based on AAA ratings given to these securities by rating agencies such as Moody, and Standard and Poor. These rating agencies did collect lot of data which were barely few years old. They did not have enough relevant and good quality data and collected data was simply to enough.These rating agencies used their preexisting theory – houses don't lose value In America – to Interpret the evidences that the performance of these securities were AAA (Heath, et al. 1998). Individuals use their preexisting theories to Interpret the evidence (Heath, et al. 1998) is a bias which played a major role here. The investors from the global pool of money jumped in with al l guns for these securities. As demand grew more and more these mortgages were bought and more and more securities were created to investors. The entire process showed a confirmation bias.People who took risky adjustable loans to buy houses which they really could not afford were essentially following other people. Since most of the people were buying houses by taking these loans, it made sense for other to replicate the act. Calling explains, In his book Influence Since and Practice (5th edition), this behavior as â€Å"the principle of social proof†. This principle states that we determine what Is correct by finding out what other people this Is correct (Lund et al. , 2007). Before 2000 most of people with low Income and low credit score were not able to afford buying the kind f house they bought during the period after 2000.In the radio program â€Å"Giant Pool of Money†, case of Clarence Nathan is presented. Clarence works 3 jobs, did not made good income and had b ad credit rating. â€Å"l wouldn't lend to myself† said Clarence. Even then he took the loan because everyone else was talking these kinds of loans and in fact the loan was made available to him. Even the behavior of investors, banks, and Wall Street followed the same pattern. Early on, investment banks were not interested in risky mortgages but when one bank started buying hose supreme mortgages others Jumped in. It was acceptable to invest in supreme mortgages.

The Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln - 1044 Words

Abraham Lincoln was a great president and did a lot of great things for this country that have impacted us to this day. He was born on February 12, 1809. Growing up on the farms of Kentucky and Indiana. As a kid he always wanted to have a great education and had a passion for books. His mom encouraged him to pursue his dreams to learn but his dad was against it. His mom died when he was nine and his stepmom continued what his mom did and encouraged him to pursue with his education. Lincoln moved to New Salem he worked as a shopkeeper and postmaster. He soon was involved with politics and was a supporters of the Whig Party. Lincoln was not the only one that opposed the spread of slavery to the territories. Henry Clay and Daniel†¦show more content†¦He was a congressman and unpopular in Illinois because of his strong stance with the war with Mexico. He returned to Springfield in 1849. Douglas was a leading Democrat in congress and pushed through the passage of the Ka nsas-Nebraska Act (1854). This act declared that voters of each territory had the right to decide whether the territory should be slave free. On October 16, 1854, Lincoln went in from of a large crowd in Peoria, denouncing slavery and it s extension and calling the institution a violation of the most basic tenets of the Declaration of Independence. In March 1861 he was inaugurated in seven southern sates and seeded into Confederate States of America after being Union. Lincoln ordered a fleet of Union ships to supply South Carolina s Fort Sumter in April. The Confederates fired on the Union and the fort. This was the beginning of the Civil War. After a defeat in the battle of Bull Run, Lincoln called for 500,000 more troops. He learned quickly about the war in the beginning and had better strategies and tactics. He had a better understanding on commanders. Union victory of Antietam on September 22, 1862 made the president very confident enough to reshape the cause of the war from union to abolishing slavery. On January 1, 1863 he issued the Emancipation Proclamation. This stated that if you were held as a slave henceforward shall be free.

Propaganda Techniques Used For Advertisements - 993 Words

Nowadays, advertisements persuade millions of Americans into spending their money on unnecessary products. In today s modern world advertisements are practically everywhere we turn. If we Americans pay close attention they will notice that there are different techniques being used. According to Ann McClintock, Name Calling, Glittering Generalities, Transfer, Testimonial, Plain Folks, Card Stacking, and Bandwagon are some techniques being used for advertisements (698-701). In addition, Tesla, Toyota and Old Navy are all companies that persuade Americans into buying their products by using some of those 7 propaganda techniques. The Tesla recharge + advertisement strives to persuade men to acquire the electric Tesla vehicle. This advertisement enlightens men of not being obligated to recharge the vehicle until it reaches up to 300 miles. Men not having to charge the vehicle s battery until 300 miles, motivates them into purchasing the vehicle. Men end up purchasing this vehicle because charging the vehicle is less expensive than putting gas in the vehicle. In the background of the advertisement, lightning is visible near the white section of the clouds. Ordinarily, lightning symbolizes electricity or power. In this case is the speed of the car. For example, Tesla Motor vehicles can reach sixty miles per hour in 2.5 seconds. In addition, the advertisement has a gray shield with the Tesla Motor s logo and name. The gray shield seems like a god/goddess bestowing power to theShow MoreRelatedPublicizing Information in Propaganda Techniques831 Words   |  3 PagesPropaganda Techniques Propaganda refers to any form of misleading information that meant to publicize a particular product, a service or an event. It is applicable in many and varied situations for different reasons to communicate to audiences. An unformed judgment would view propaganda as a technique applicable only in politics for posing unfair competition (Gardner). However, the contemporary business environment has recently advanced and perfected the use of propaganda in its numerous forms. TheRead MoreA Brief Note On Ecosos766 Words   |  4 Pagesorder to, have them purchase it. That is through the use of propaganda devices that have often been implemented by various media outlets. A propaganda device is an appeal to emotion used for the purpose of influencing the opinions of an audience. It is an important technique needed to be used in our advertisements to ensure potential customers. By applying Testimonial Devices, The Band Wagon, and Transfer devices into our advertisement, customers will not hesitate to buy Ecos that will, in turn,Read MoreWhat Makes Apple Products?1589 Words   |  7 Pagesproducts most recognized is the forms of advertisements the company uses in persuading the consumers rather than of their pioneering innovations and aspiring ideas their products have to offer. Each advertisement by the company uses single or multiple propaganda techniques. One must understand that Apple was company that was not on top of the business world until the company started using propaganda in the 1990s (Nudd,Tim). The propaganda was a great success as it used catchy phrase such as Think DifferentRead MorePropaganda, Propaganda And Propaganda1045 Words   |  5 Pagespublic opinion through propaganda. Propaganda is very often thought of as an attempt to win people over to an unpopular cause or to influence them to follow a generally disapproved course of actions. But actually, the purpose of propaganda can be quite varied. It can be generally understood as a means of influ encing others, often towards a desirable end. Propaganda is a systematic effort to influence peoples’ opinions to win them over to a certain view or side. Propaganda is not necessarily concernedRead MoreTobacco Advertising Essay608 Words   |  3 PagesIndustries lure victims is by propaganda. 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Once these companies finish their research, they create advertisements that appeal to the masses. The basicRead MoreThe Effects Of Television On Our Society881 Words   |  4 Pagesadvert her favorite singer lost 25 lbs. in just two weeks by using this overpriced herbal formula. After two weeks, I visited her to see the awaited wonder, but I realized that she is one of the victims of lured advertisements, which are now part of our everyday life. We see advertisements on the television showing new glamorous lifestyles, hear them on the radio, see slogans embellished on people’s shirts, on the side of the buses, on billboards, in fact everywhere. Companies spend lot of money researchingRead MorePropaganda from the Beauty Industry1226 Words   |  5 PagesThere are so many forms of propaganda that surround our lives on a every day basis, and these negative messages persuade and shape our thoughts of perfection, of who we are, and who we ought to be. The beauty industry and its’ advertisements is one type of propaganda that ultimately characterizes the way we think of ourselves. The media is relentless in reminding us every chance they get why women need to be perfect and what we need to achieve that. There is endless pressure as women to have a perfectRead MoreAnalyzing the Film Food Inc and the Propaganda Message for Positive Change1450 Words   |  6 Pages Society tends to associate propaganda films with issues such as Nazi Germany and their film messages for their country; however, it is also possible for small independent companies, groups of like-minded people and individuals to use the media of film to incorporate messages for our society (The Independent, 2010). These messages are often in relation to changes that individuals should make in order to improve the standards by which they live their lives and changes to everyday habits that willRead MoreLying Sells : Beyonce s American Express Commercial962 Words   |  4 Pagescompanies hire advertisers to develop a catchy advertisement to sell their product. However, most advertisers have to lie or use certain trick for the product to sell. This is called propaganda. Propaganda: information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view. Propaganda has changed society in many different ways. It has changed th e way we think, eat, and live life. Using propaganda has become a way of life for advertisers

Police, And The Constitutional Rights Of Suspects

You are the newly appointed Chief of Police in a metropolitan community. Some members of your community are concerned about excessive† use of force by the police. What strategies would you implement to ensured your community will be safe, excessive force will not be used by the police, and the constitutional rights of suspects will be honored. As the newly appointed Chief of police, it is my job to ensure that the community feels that their concerns are addressed. I feel that the first thing to do is hold a city hall meeting for a question and answer. This would not only give me a better idea of what the community is wanting from the police in the community and it would also allow the community to know how the police force operates and how we should be operating. After holding the city hall meeting, I feel that the next best step would be implanting strategies that the community asked about, after doing some research on such strategies. I held my own little poll on my Facebook (I will call this the city hall meeting) asking what kind of things my family and friends think the police community should use to ensure the constitutional rights of suspects and the community would still be safe. The most common response was the use of body cameras and dash cameras being on at all times. That there should not be any pauses in the video feed. So one question I asked to them (the community), was if we had the use of body cameras and dash cameras, would the benefits outweigh theShow MoreRelatedCustodial Interrogation828 Words   |  3 PagesThe statement made by the suspect regarding Youre having a bad day ¦ man, I cant believe they found my strap (firearm) is completely inadmissible. The reason is founded in basic criminal law: the suspect had not ye t been read his Miranda rights. Although statements made by a suspect who was not given the Miranda warning or received it improperly cannot be used against him in a court of law (Siegel, 2009). The Miranda warning serves to inform a suspect of their rights to remain silent, what happensRead MoreTechniques of Interrogation992 Words   |  4 Pages Techniques of Interrogation One of the best training programs to implement into the police department is the Reid interrogation techniques. Interrogation and interviewing techniques became popular in 1947 by John E. Reid and Associates. Joseph P. Buckley stated that â€Å"The Reid Technique of Interviewing and Interrogation is now the most widely used approach to question subjects in the world (Buckley P. J., 2000).† There three- parts to the ReidRead MoreThe Police Procedure Stop And Frisk Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesThe police procedure stop and frisk is a highly controversial topic in society. In order for the officer to initiate the procedure, he or she needs reasonable suspicion or probable cause that meet minimal legal requirements. People that have been stop and frisked may wonder if the procedure is discriminatory towards race, since a majority of people stopped are minorities, or if the procedure is against ones constitutional rights that are protected by the amendments, or if the procedure is effectiveRead MoreEssay on SHOCK INCARCERATION1734 Words   |  7 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;You have the right to remain silent, anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to speak to an attorney, and to have an attorney present during police questioning, if you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed to you by the state. These words have preceded every arrest since Miranda v. Arizona 1966, informing every detained person of his rights before any type of formal police questioning begins. This issue has beenRead MoreEssay on The Miranda Decision1524 Words   |  7 Pagesestablished law in the area of police interrogation. Prior to Miranda, a confession would be suppressed only if a court determined it resulted from some actual coercion, threat, or promise. The Miranda decision was intended to protect suspects of their 5th Amendment right of no self-incrimination. The verdict of Miranda v. Arizona is an efficient way of informing criminal suspects of their rights established by the Constitution, allowing un-Constitutional confessions to be nullinvoid inRead More Tennessee v. Garner 1985 Essay802 Words   |  4 PagesFacts:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On October 3, 1974, Memphis Police Officers Hymon and Wright were dispatched to answer a â€Å"prowler inside call.† When the police arrived at the scene, a neighbor gestured to the house where she had heard glass breaking and that someone was breaking into the house. While one of the officer radioed that they were on the scene, the other officer went to the rear of the house hearing a door slam and saw someone run across the backyard. The suspect, Edward Garner stopped at a 6-feet-high fenceRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment Of The United States Constitution1747 Words   |  7 Pagesunreasonable unless it is classified as per the law, by determining whether there was: a) the level of intrusion of the individuals Fourth Amendment, and b) whether or not it pertains to the government’s interest, such as safety of the public. The right to protection against unreasonable searches and seizures is associated with two types of warrants: a) Arrest warrant: When probable cause is established that a person has committed a certain illegal act, a written order is then issued by authorityRead MoreCrime Control And The Criminal Justice System1578 Words   |  7 Pages Murderers Let Free Casey Anthony is innocent. Or is she? Human error is too prevalent when having random people determine the outcome over a suspects trial. The jury opens holes for these errors. Law enforcement agencies should be able to use their full discretion when attempting to keep the streets in their city clean. Not necessarily by their gut feelings, but the evidence presented to them. People shouldn’t have the ability to have loopholes to get out of a crime they committed like â€Å"the officerRead MoreTennessee V. Garner Essay813 Words   |  4 Pages(1985) Facts: On October 3, 1974, Memphis Police Officers Hymon and Wright were dispatched to answer a prowler inside call. When the police arrived at the scene, a neighbor gestured to the house where she had heard glass breaking and that someone was breaking into the house. While one of the officer radioed that they were on the scene, the other officer went to the rear of the house hearing a door slam and saw someone run across the backyard. The suspect, Edward Garner stopped at a 6-feet-highRead MoreMiranda Warnings And The Miranda Warning976 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Movie and TV shows often depict crime with a police officer handcuffing a suspect and warning him that he has the right to remain silent. While those warnings may appear clear-cut, almost 1 million criminal cases may be compromised each year in the United States at the 119th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association.†(Rogers, 2011) The Miranda warning, also known as the Miranda rights, is impor tant and in place to inform people of their rights upon arrest. Everyone should have knowledge

Leadership Taxonomy Free Essays

Introduction There a numerous leadership theories that help manage a successful business. These theories include techniques that have been developed and constantly improving since 1888. Theorists such as Thomas Carlyle, Kurt Lewin, and James Kouze, have developed characteristics they believe will shape the leaders of tomorrow. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Taxonomy or any similar topic only for you Order Now These characteristics are structured together to create theories based on personality, relationships, and developmental styles. The following will provided an organized overview of ten theorists and the characteristics they believe to develop successful leaders. Theorist |Theory Title |Theory Characteristics |Year | |Thomas Carlyle |Great Man |â€Å"According to this theory, you’re either a natural born leader or |c. 1888 | | | |you’re not. The term â€Å"Great Man† was used because, at the time, | | | | |leadership was thought of primarily as a male quality, especially in | | | | |terms of military leadership. (About, 2011) | | | | | | | | | |The Great Man leadership theory became more prevalent during the 19th| | | | |century and was developed from the success of several famous leaders. | | | |A famous quote that sums up this theory is â€Å"great leaders are born, | | | | |not Made. † (Changing Minds, 2011) | | Cherry, K. (2011). The Great Man Theory of Leadership. In About. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://psychology. about. com/od/leadership/a/great-man-theory-of-leadership. htm Straker, D. (2011). Great Man Theory. In Changing Minds. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://changingminds. org/disciplines/leadership/theories/great_man_theory. htm |Gordon Allport |Personality Trait Theory |â€Å"The trait approach to personality is one of the major theoretical |c. 1936 | | | |areas in the study of personality. The trait theory suggests that | | | | |individual personalities are composed broad dispositions. (About, | | | | |2011) | | | | | | | | | |Allport discovered that there are more then 4,000 words to describe | | | | |personality traits. Allport categorized those traits into three | | | | |different levels, Cardinal, Central and Secondary traits. | | | | | | | | | |Cardinal traits were characterized as traits that dominate an | | | | |individual’s whole life. Central traits are general characteristics | | | | |of an individual personality that would affect their leadership | | | | |quality. â€Å"Terms such as intelligent, honest, shy and anxious are | | | | |considered central traits. (About, 2011) Secondary traits reefers | | | | |to attitudes or preferences that appear in certain situations or from| | | | |the result of a specific circumstance. | | Cherry, K. (2011). Trait Theory of Personality. In About. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://psychology. about. om/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/trait-theory. htm Cherry, K. (2011). Leadership Theories – 8 Major Leadership Theories. In About. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://psychology. about. com/od/leadership/p/leadtheories. htm |Kurt Lewin |Lewin’s leadership styles |Lewin’s developed three leadership styles, autocratic, democratic |c. 1939 | | | |style and Laissez-Faire style. | | | | | | | | |â€Å"In the autocratic style, the leader takes decisions without | | | | |consulting with others. The decision is made without any form of | | | | |consultation. In Lewin’s experiments, he found that this caused the | | | | |most level of discontent. † (Changing Minds, 2011) | | | | | | | | | |The autocratic style is used when the result from a decision would | | | | |not change if it had the input from others. | | | | | | | | |â€Å"In the democratic style, the leader involves the people in the | | | | |decision-making, although the process for the final decision may vary| | | | |from the leader having the final say to them facilitating consensus | | | | |in the group. (Changing Minds, 2011) | | | | | | | | | |The democratic style is a group decision making process. This style | | | | |usually opens it up for individuals to voice their opinions and can | | | | |create adversity and problems. | | | | | | | | |â€Å"The laissez-faire style is to minimize the leader’s involvement in | | | | |decision-making, and hence allowing people to make their own | | | | |decisions, although they may still be responsible for the outco me. | | | | |(Changing Minds, 2011) | | | | | | | | | |When individuals are motivated to make their own decisions and there | | | | |is no need for a central coordination, the laissez-faire style would | | | | |be best suited for that situation. | | | | | | | | | | | | Straker, D. (2011). Lewin’s leadership styles. In Changing Minds. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://changingminds. org/disciplines/leadership/styles/lewin_style. htm |F. E. Fiedler |Least Preferred Co-worker |â€Å"Leaders prioritize between task-focus and people-focus. |c. 1964 | | |(LPC) Theory |Relationships, power and task structure are the three key factors | | | | |that drive effective styles. † ( Changing Minds, 2011) | | | | | | | | | |Fiedler used a scoring system to be able to determine if that leader | | | | |would work with that person again. | | | | | | | | |â€Å"High LPC leaders tend to have close and positive relationships and | | | | |act in a supportive way, even prioritizing the relationship before | | | | |the task. Low LPC leaders put the task first and will turn to | | | | |relationships only when they are satisfied with how the work is | | | | |going. (Changing Minds, 2011) | | | | | | | | | |Three identifying factors | | | | | | | | | |Leader-Member Relations | | | | |Task structure | | | | |Leader’s Position-power | | Straker, D. (2011). . In Changing Minds. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://changingminds. org/disciplines/leadership/theories/fiedler_lpc. htm Rensis Likert |Likerts leadership styles |Likerts four style of leadership were developed around decision |c. 1967 | | | |making and how much people are involved in the decision making | | | | |process. | | | | | | | | | |Likerts four styles are exploitive authoritative, benevolent | | | | |authoritative, consultative, and participative. | | | | | | | | |The Exploitive authoritative style is a style where the leader has | | | | |low- no concern on how their actions will psychologically affect | | | | |people. This style is based off of fear and threats in order to | | | | |accomplish the task at hand. | | | | | | | | | |The Benevolent authoritative style is a complete opposite of the | | | | |Exploitive authoritative style. This style involves higher ranked | | | | |leaders in an organization listening to the concerns of individuals | | | | |lower in the organization. | | | | | | | | | |The consultative theory is focused on still listening to the upward | | | | |flow of information, but generally decisions are still centrally | | | | |made. | | | | | | | | |The participative theory’s where leaders maximize methods to engage | | | | |with people lower down in the organization in the decision-making | | | | |process. | | | | | | | | | | | | Straker, D. (2011). Likert’s leadership styles. In Changing Minds. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://changingminds. org/disciplines/leadership/styles/likert_style. htm |D. J. Hickson |Strategic Contingencies |The strategic contingencies theory states that if a person does|c. 1971 | | |Theory |no they charisma but that person possesses the ability to solve| | | | |problems they still can be a effective leader. | | | | | | | | | |â€Å"The theory helps to objectify leadership techniques, as | | | | |opposed to relying on personalities. (Leadership-Central, | | | | |2011) | | | | | | | | | | | | Strategic Contingencies Theory (2011). In Leadership-central. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://www. leadership-central. com/strategic-contingencies-theory. html#axzz1ZeSf2sGc |Dr. Paul Hersey, |Situational Leadership |Hersey and Blanchard leadership model was developed into four styles|c. 972 | |Ken Blanchard |Model |(S1 to S4) to match the employee development level (D1 to D4). | | | | | | | | | |â€Å"Leaders should adapt their style to follower development style (or | | | | |’maturity’), based on how ready and willing the follower is to | | | | |perform required tasks (that is, their competence and motivation). | | | | |(Straker, 2011) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Style one is Telling/Directing which is designed for an employee at | | | | |a D1 level. This employee is a t a low competence, low commitment | | | | |level to the company. | | | | | | | | |Style two is Selling/ Coaching which is designed for a employee at a| | | | |D 2 level. This employee has some competence and a variable | | | | |commitment to his/her position. | | | | | | | | | |Style three is Participating/ Supporting which is designed for an | | | | |employee at a D3 level. This employee has high competence but still | | | | |a variable commitment to his/her position and the company. | | | | | | | | | |Style four is Delegating/ Observing which is designed for a employee| | | | |at D 4. This employee with have a high competence and a high | | | | |commitment to the company. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |At level S1 the leader is high task focus and not real focus on the | | | | |relationship. As you reach a S4 the leader has a low task focus and | | | | |a low relationship focus. At S3 that is where the leader builds a | | | | |strong relationship to develop that employee into a D4. | | | | | | Straker, D. (2011). Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership. In Changing Minds. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://changingminds. org/disciplines/leadership/styles/situational_leadership_hersey_blanchard. htm Situational Leadership- About us (2011). In Situational Leadership. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://www. situational. com/about-us/ |Dansereau, Graen, |Leader-member Exchange (LMX)|â€Å"How a leader maintains leadership through working with her or |c. 1975 | |and Haga |his supporters, those entrusted with responsibility and advisers | | | | |defines the Leader-member Exchange theory as a method for | | | | |exerting and maintaining leadership. † (Leadership-Central, 2011) | | | | | | | | | |LMX is a intuitive theory and would be more expected from a | | | | |leader-group structure. LMX uses three stages of development. | | | | | | | | |Organizational Stage | | | | |Role Development | | | | |Leader-led relationship | | | | | | | | | |Leaders in this theory can range from a person leading a small | | | | |discussion group or a supervisor of a work crew to heads of | | | | |countries or empires. â€Å"The more complex the task and | | | | |organization, the more factors enter into the organizational | | | | |dynamics. † (Leadership-Central, 2011) | | | | | | | Leader-Member Exchange Theory â€⠀œ LMX (2011). In Leadership-central. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://www. leadership-central. om/leader-member-exchange. html#axzz1ZeSf2sGc |James MacGregor |Burns Transformational |â€Å"Burns Transformational leadership Theory, in other words, |c. 1978 | |Burns |Leadership Theory |Burns focuses upon motivations and values in assessing how a | | | | |leader approaches power. This aspect of having that basic | | | | |ethical system sets leaders apart from those merely aspiring to| | | | |power. (Leadership-Central, 2011) | | | | | | | | | |Burns theory appeals to those interested in developing social | | | | |values and individual purpose. Burns theory asks a fundamental | | | | |question of what the ultimate goal of leadership is and why one| | | | |should be a leader. | | | | | | Burns Transformational Leadership Theory (2011). In Leadership-central. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://www. leadership-central. com/burns-transformational-leadership-theory. html#axzz1Z eSf2sGc |Bass, B. M. |Transformational Leadership |‘Bass defined transformational leadership in terms of how the |c. 1985 | | |Theory |leader affects followers, who are intended to trust, admire and | | | | |respect the transformational leader. (Straker, 2011) | | | | | | | | | |Bass described three ways which leaders can transform their | | | | |followers. | | | | |Easing their awareness of task importance and value. | | | | |Getting them to focus first on team or organizational goals, rather| | | | |than their own interests. | | | | |Activating their higher-order needs. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bass Transformational Leadership Theory (2011). In Leadership-Centeral. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://www. leadership-central. com/bass-transformational-leadership-theory. html#axzz1ZeSf2sGc Straker, D. (2011). Bass’ Transformational Leadership Theory. In Changing Minds. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://changingminds. org/disciplines/leadership/theories/bass_transformational. htm |James Kouze and |Leadership Participation |â€Å"Specific factors are listed in a checklist form that |c. 1987 | |Barry Posner |Inventory |organizers can use to assess a group’s affinity to a leader. | | | | |While they are subjective, they are better than nothing and can| | | | |help in a focus on organizational problems. † | | | |(Leadership-Central, 2011) | | | | | | | | | |Five characterizes for successful leadership | | | | | | | | | |1. Role Model | | | | |2. Inspiration: | | | | |3. Facing Adversity | | | | |4. Empowerment | | | | |5. Generates Enthusiasm | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Leadership Participation Inventory (2011). In Leadership-central. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://www. leadership-central. com/leadership-participation-inventory. html#axzz1ZeSf2sGc How to cite Leadership Taxonomy, Papers

Ancient Greek Art Essay Example For Students

Ancient Greek Art Essay ?Greek art is a very important in the upper paleolithic period. Art objects and artifacts areimportant sources of information about civilization prior to written history. The number ofartworks lost because of their impermanence can only be imagined, since many were created byusing organic materials subject to destruction by fire, flood, and decay. By comparison, objectsmade from metal or stone are more likely to survive The Aegean basin was a center of artisticactivity from early times see AEGEAN CIVILIZATIONS the ravages of time and nature. Theytoo, however, are susceptible to deterioration and may bring to our eyes a decidedly differentappearance than they possessed originally. Among the earliest objects that have survived arestone figures archaeologists have given the title of Venus of willendorfa small stone figurefound in Austria, dating from 20,000 B.C. . I think it is a symbolic sculpture most probablydesigned to represent and call forth human fertility. In many early civilization, people associatedfecundity with the female rather than the male and chose to represent females in their ceremonialimages. The reduction of detail and the exaggeration of aspects of the human from in thetwentieth-century sculpture, in which a realistic representation of from is likewise not the artists Because of their artistic quality, state of preservation, and antiquity, the paintings in theLascaux caves near Montiganac, France, are among the most important art discoveries of thetwentieth century. According to one widely accepted story, the paintings were discovered in1941 by children playing in a field. Deep within those caves, early artists had painted humansand animal figures and weapons, using mixtures of yellow and red ochre-natural found in ironore. In spite of fragile nature of material used in these paintings, the images have survived. Inplaces, the walls are nearly covered with stylized figures representing animals that inhabitedwestern Europe 15,00 years ago. It is one thing to represent an animal with proportionalaccuracy, but quite another to express its nature and movement. These unnamed artists capturedthe essence of the animals, by using expressive lines and subtle colors. Because most of the record of the people of the Paleolithic period has been destroyed bynatural as well as human forces, we will never know with certainty the purposes of their artobjects. They may have been used in religious rituals related to some aspect of the hunt: theymay have express recognition of the common sprit among living things. Nevertheless, we cansafely conjecture that both the Venus of Willendorf and the cave paintings of Lascaux wereobjects associated with the early religion. One thing is known: in those early millennia, art played The western world has always looked upon ancient Greece as the cradle of its culturaldevelopment. The Greeks have always stride for perfection. In the Archaic age of Greek art,extending from about100 B. C.., is the age in which the indigenous Greek art was slowlydeveloping. The second period, often called the Lyric Age and extending from 800 B. C., to thesixth century B.C., is noted for its expressiveness and realism. This is the great age of lyricpoetry, from which the period takes its name. The Golden Age flourished in the fifth centuryB.C. and went on to the fourth century B. C., is considered the high point of Greek culture. During this era, there occurred such a development in drama, architecture, sculpture, and musicthat the age is still looked upon as the source from which our own culture emerged. TheHellenistic period of Greek culture dates from about 325 B. .uac3902d84c16df5b186e0979b8b9d7ce , .uac3902d84c16df5b186e0979b8b9d7ce .postImageUrl , .uac3902d84c16df5b186e0979b8b9d7ce .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uac3902d84c16df5b186e0979b8b9d7ce , .uac3902d84c16df5b186e0979b8b9d7ce:hover , .uac3902d84c16df5b186e0979b8b9d7ce:visited , .uac3902d84c16df5b186e0979b8b9d7ce:active { border:0!important; } .uac3902d84c16df5b186e0979b8b9d7ce .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uac3902d84c16df5b186e0979b8b9d7ce { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uac3902d84c16df5b186e0979b8b9d7ce:active , .uac3902d84c16df5b186e0979b8b9d7ce:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uac3902d84c16df5b186e0979b8b9d7ce .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uac3902d84c16df5b186e0979b8b9d7ce .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uac3902d84c16df5b186e0979b8b9d7ce .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uac3902d84c16df5b186e0979b8b9d7ce .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uac3902d84c16df5b186e0979b8b9d7ce:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uac3902d84c16df5b186e0979b8b9d7ce .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uac3902d84c16df5b186e0979b8b9d7ce .uac3902d84c16df5b186e0979b8b9d7ce-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uac3902d84c16df5b186e0979b8b9d7ce:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pain Has An Element Of Blank EssayC. to 100B.C. and is viewed as a The importance of Greek art and architecture for the history of Western civilization can hardlybe overstated, for the Greeks established many of the most enduring themes, attitudes, and formsof Western culture. The stories told in Greek art and literature of gods and heroes have beenretold ever since and continue to form a common ground for the art, literature, and even popularGreek artists were the first to establish mimesis (imitation of nature) as a guiding principle for art,even as Greek philosophers debated the intellectual value of this approach. The repeateddepiction of the nude human figure in Greek art reflects Greek humanism a belief that Man isthe measure of all things, in the words of Greek philosopher Protagoras. Architecture is anotherGreek legacy that the West has inherited, as Greece established many